The WikiPremed MCAT Course - Scientific Figures and Clip-Art for The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines

Warning: I am able to write to the configuration file: /home/wisebrid/public_html/includes/configure.php. This is a potential security risk - please set the right user permissions on this file.

Introduction
Video Course
Science Topics
Diagnostic Tests
Physics Flashcards
Orgo Mechanisms
Question Server
Physiology Puzzles
~~Writing Section~~
Verbal Reasoning
Web Links
WikiPremed Bundle

Contact Us

Physics	Chemistry	Organic Chemistry	Biology

The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines
Scientific Figures
Click the link above to visit The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines in the Exploration Environment.
Click the thumbnails to reach 800 by 600 presentation slides.

Animation of a triple-expansion steam engine Attribution Teaching JPEG	Statement of the second law of thermodynamics. WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Entropy. WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Illustration of a Carnot cycle (simplified, with directions) on a temperature-entropy diagram between temperatures of TH and TC, entropies SA and SB. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Superposition of Entropy and Temperature Contour Maps (on a P-V diagram). Isotherms are shown as red lines, and adiabats are shown as black lines. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Definition of thermodynamic efficiency WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Thermodynamic efficiency expressed in terms of hot and cold sink temperatures WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Graphical conceptualization of heat flow and work in a thermodynamic cycle WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Entropy of mixture. WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Simple steam engine WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Carnot cycle on pressure-volume graph WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Thermodynamic cycle involving isobaric and isovolumetric transformations WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Definition of coefficient of performance WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Coefficient of performance expressed in terms of hot and cold sink temperatures WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Graphical conceptualization of of heat flow and work in a heat pump WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Refrigeration coil for thermodynamics problems WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Refrigeration coil for thermodynamics problems WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Carnot cycle WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Piston for thermodynamics problems WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Carnot cycle on pressure-volume graph WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Piston performing work WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Graphical representation of the Clausius formulation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Graphical representation of the Kelvin formulation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Image for conceptualization of entropy WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Image showing entropy increase in diffusion of a gas WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Entropy change due to heat flow WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Carnot cycle on pressure-volume graph WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG
Heat flow through exterior wall WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	Comparison of isothermal expansion versus adiabatic free expansion WikiPremed CC Image Teaching JPEG	P-V diagram of isobaric process Attribution Teaching JPEG
Heat engine diagram Attribution Teaching JPEG	During steady-state continuous operation, an entropy balance applied to an open system accounts for system entropy changes related to heat flow and mass flow across the system boundary. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Diagram of Sadi Carnot's heat engine, 1824 Attribution Teaching JPEG
Schematic figure of Maxwell's demon Attribution Teaching JPEG	The stirling en:thermodynamic cycle. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Cut away diagram of a Rhombic Drive Beta Stirling Engine Design Attribution Teaching JPEG
1. Most of the working gas is in contact with the hot cylinder walls , it has been heated and expansion has pushed the hot piston to the top of the cylinder. Expansion continues in the cold cylinder piston, which is 90o behind the hot piston in its cycle, extracting still more work from the hot gas. Attribution Teaching JPEG	2. The gas is now at its maximum volume. The hot cylinder piston begins to move most of the gas into the cold cylinder , where it cools and the pressure drops. Attribution Teaching JPEG	3. Almost all the gas is now in the cold cylinder and cooling continues. The cold piston, powered by flywheel momentum or other piston pairs on the same shaft, compresses the remaining part of the gas. Attribution Teaching JPEG
4. The gas reaches its minimum volume and the hot cylinder piston will now allow it to expand in the hot cylinder where it will be heated once more and drive the hot piston in its power stroke. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Alpha type Stirling. Animated version Attribution Teaching JPEG	1. Power piston (dark grey) has compressed the gas, the displacer piston (light grey) has moved so that most of the gas is adjacent to the hot heat exchanger. Attribution Teaching JPEG
2. The heated gas increases its pressure and pushes the power piston along the cylinder. This is the power stroke. Attribution Teaching JPEG	3. The displacer piston now moves to shunt the gas to the cold end of the cylinder. Attribution Teaching JPEG	4. The cooled gas is now compressed by the flywheel momentum. This takes less energy since when it cooled its pressure also dropped. Attribution Teaching JPEG
Beta type Stirling. Animated version. Attribution Teaching JPEG	1. The working gas is heated at a constant volume to a higher temperature. This increases its pressure. (points 4 to 1 on the graph) Attribution Teaching JPEG	2. The working gas expands at a constant temperature to a larger volume. This decreases its pressure. The gas does work to move the piston up. (points 1 to 2 on the graph) Attribution Teaching JPEG
2a. The gas is now fully transferred to the cool cylinder. (Point 2 on the graph) Attribution Teaching JPEG	3. The working gas is cooled at constant volume to a lower temperature. This decreases its pressure. (Points 2 to 3 on the graph) Attribution Teaching JPEG	4. The working gas contracts at a constant temperature to a smaller volume. This increases its pressure. (Points 3 to 4 on the graph)The Piston does work to compress the gas as it moves down. But this is less than that delivered to the piston on cycle 2 Attribution Teaching JPEG
4a. The gas is now fully transferred to the hot cylinder. (Point 4 on the graph) Attribution Teaching JPEG	Working principle of Carnot's heat engine Attribution Teaching JPEG	CPU heat sink with fan attached Attribution Teaching JPEG
Radial Heat Sink with Thermal Profile and Swirling Forced Convection Flow Trajectories (using CFD analysis) Attribution Teaching JPEG	Liquid Cooled Heat Sink with Forced Convection Flow Trajectories (using CFD analysis) Attribution Teaching JPEG	Pin Fin Heat Sink with Thermal Profile and Dione Convection Flow Trajectories (using CFD analysis) Attribution Teaching JPEG
Heat sink in a workstation computer Attribution Teaching JPEG	A motherboard heat sink Attribution Teaching JPEG	Fire test where the steel pipe penetrants clearly act to absorb and conduct heat from the furnace, through to the unexposed side. Attribution Teaching JPEG
Vapor compression refrigeration Attribution Teaching JPEG	Figure 2: Temperatureï¿½Entropy diagram Attribution Teaching JPEG	A simple stylized diagram of a heat pump's vapor-compression refrigeration cycle: 1) condenser, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator, 4) compressor. Attribution Teaching JPEG
Rendering of an Ericsson Engine (click for detail) Attribution Teaching JPEG	An illustration of an ideal cycle heat engine (arrows clockwise). Attribution Teaching JPEG	Absorptive_refrigeration.JPG Attribution Teaching JPEG
Einstein and Szilï¿½rd's patent application. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Steam engine in action (animation). Note that movement of the connecting linkage from the centrifugal governor operating the steam throttle is shown for illustrative purpose only, in practice this link only operates when the engine speeds up or slows down. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Aeolipile Attribution Teaching JPEG
First Piston Steam Engine, by Papin. 19th century encyclopedia. Attribution Teaching JPEG	The major components of a Watt pumping engine. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Watt's steam engine in the vestibule of the Escuela Tï¿½cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de la UPM in Madrid Attribution Teaching JPEG
Engraving of Newcomen engine. This appears to be copied from a drawing in Desaguliers' 1744 work: A course of experimental philosophy, itself believed to have been a reversed copy of Henry Beighton's engraving dated 1717 representing what is probably the second Newcomen engine erected around 1714 at Griff colliery, Warwickshire. (See Hulse p.84) Attribution Teaching JPEG	Trevithick pumping engine (Cornish system). Attribution Teaching JPEG	A labeled schematic diagram of a typical single cylinder, simple expansion, double-acting high pressure horizontal steam engine. Power takeoff from the engine is by way of a belt. 1 - Piston 2 - Piston rod 3 - Crosshead bearing 4 - Connecting rod 5 - Crank 6 - Eccentric valve motion 7 - Flywheel 8 - Sliding valve 9 - Centrifugal governor. Attribution Teaching JPEG
Schematic Indicator diagram showing the four events in a double piston stroke Attribution Teaching JPEG	Model of a triple expansion engine Attribution Teaching JPEG	S/S Ukkopekka Triple expansion steam engine Attribution Teaching JPEG
1890s vintage triple-expansion(three cylinders of 26, 42 and 70 inch diameters in a common frame with a 42 inch stroke) marine engine that powered the SS Christopher Columbus Attribution Teaching JPEG	Carnot engine original 1824 diagram Attribution Teaching JPEG	A real engine (left) compared to the Carnot cycle (right). The entropy of a real material changes with temperature. This change is indicated by the curve on a T-S diagram. For this figure, the curve indicates a vapor-liquid equilibrium (See Rankine cycle). Irreversible systems and losses of heat (for example, due to friction) prevent the ideal from taking place at every step. Attribution Teaching JPEG
Boltzmann's molecules (1896) shown at a rest position in a solid Attribution Teaching JPEG	Analogy between magnetic refrigeration and vapor cycle or conventional refrigeration. H = externally applied magnetic field; Q = heat quantity; P = pressure; ?Tad = adiabatic temperature variation Attribution Teaching JPEG	Entropy order/disorder considerations in the process of adiabatic demagnetization Attribution Teaching JPEG
Summary: magnetocaloric effect of gadolinium Author: Mirsad Todorovac Software: OpenOffice.org Draw 2.0.1 @ WinXP License: essentially GFDL Attribution Teaching JPEG	Illustration of a general thermodynamic cycle on a temperature-entropy diagram between temperatures of TH and TC, entropies SA and SB. Attribution Teaching JPEG	Illustration of a Carnot cycle on a temperature-entropy diagram between temperatures of TH and TC, entropies SA and SB. Attribution Teaching JPEG

Cards from the Learning System for Physics

Click the thumbnails to reach 800 by 600 presentation slides.

Thermal efficiency of a heat engine	Main points for thermal efficiency	Single stroke steam engine problem
Explanation of single stroke steam engine problem	Problem involving graphs of two thermodynamic cycles	Thermodynamic cycles problem explanation
Coefficient of performance	Main points for coefficient of performance	Refrigeration coil question
Refrigeration coil thermodynamic cycles question explanation	The Carnot Cycle	Main ponits for Carnot Cycle
Which of the following sequences describes a heat engine operating through a complete, forward Carnot cycle	Carnot cycle question explanation	Which of the following pressure-voluem graphs depicts the most efficient Carnot cycle
Carnot cycle efficiency problem explanation	Carnot engine physics problem	Carnot engine answer and explanation
The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Kelvin's formulation and Clausius' formulation	Main learning points for the 2nd law of thermodynamics	Which is not an expression of the second law of thermodynamics
2nd law of thermodynamics problem answer and explanation	Entropy. An isolated system tents toward disorder (greater entropy_ because disordered states are more probable.	Entropy main ideas
Residual entropy of carbon monoxide	Residual entropy physics problem explanation	Entropy change due to heat flow
Main ideas for understanding entropy change due to heat flow	Heat flow by conduction effect on entropy	Entropy question answer and explanation
Entropy and the 2nd law physics problem

The WikiPremed MCAT Course is a free comprehensive course in the undergraduate level general sciences. Undergraduate level physics, chemistry, organic chemistry and biology are presented by this course as a unified whole within a spiraling curriculum.

Please read our policies on privacy and shipping & returns. Contact Us.
MCAT is a registered trademark of the Association of American Medical Colleges, which does not endorse the WikiPremed Course.

The work of WikiPremed is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License. There are elements of work here, such as a subset of the images in the archive from WikiPedia, that originated as GNU General Public License works, so take care to follow the unique stipulations of that license in printed reproductions. You can use the resources here for commercial or non-commercial purposes, but please give attribution and a link to the production credits and edit history of the resource. For the works here which began as my individual work, please attribute "John Wetzel, an author at wikipremed.com".